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When to use continuous verb forms in Spanish?

In our present continuous tutorial, we kept things simple and said that English -ing forms are equivalent to Spanish -ando/-iendo forms. But there are actually some differences between when the two languages use the simple (I come) versus continuous (I'm coming) forms. In our page on the imperfect continuous, we similarly translated this form as was/were ...ing. But there are a few cases where English uses was/were ...ing and the imperfect continuous is not an appropriate translation in Spanish.

Saying what you're "in the middle of doing"

Both languages use continuous verb forms to describe what a person is "in the middle of doing" at the time of speaking (or to describe an event that is unfolding at the time of speaking etc). The main difference is that:

So in Spanish, to say "I'm making lunch at the moment", you can use either the simple or continuous present:

Contrast this with English, where native speakers would not say I make lunch at the moment.

Describing an imminent event

In English, the continuous verb form is used to describe "imminent" events, particularly when a time is mentioned (at six, later, tomorrow etc), but where there's no actual schedule or timetable being referred to. For example:

Note that in English, the simple present is ungrammatical in many of these cases, unless reference is being made to some kind of schedule or timetable¹. For example, native English speakers would not usually say he comes at three this afternoon, I see him tomorrow etc.

For example:

Note that the continuous form is ungrammatical in Spanish in these cases. Spanish speakers would not say está viniendo a las tres etc.

Restrictions/notes on the imperfect continuous

In general, the restrictions on the present continuous carry over into the past and apply to the imperfect continuous. In particular:

• the imperfect continuous does not describe an imminent event in the past:

  estaba viniendo a las tres
  "he was coming at three"

  Instead, speakers would use the simple imperfect tense or the construction ir a... in the imperfect (iba a...):

  venía a las tres
  iba a venir a las tres
  he was coming at three

• the simple imperfect can also carry the notion of "was in the middle of ...ing", although the imperfect continuous is possibly slightly more common with this use. For more details, see the section on use of the imperfect tense.

Notes:
1. For example, "Due to strike action, the bus leaves at 7:15 today.". Speakers might similarly say "What time do you leave the office this evening?", but the implication would be slightly different (meaning something like "what time are you scheduled to leave...?" rather than "What time will you actually be walking out the door?").

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